Research Article
Assessment of Background Radiation Levels on the Lunar Surface and Mapping the Lunar Albedos
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 3, September 2024
Pages:
65-73
Received:
12 August 2024
Accepted:
2 September 2024
Published:
23 September 2024
Abstract: This literature explores the impact of Galactic Cosmic Radiation (GCR) and Solar Energy Particles (SEP) on lunar surface radiation levels, using data from OLTARIS and CRATER missions. Applying the Focker-Planck equation with Badhwar-O-Neil 2020 constraints, we predict radiation levels for 53 ionic particles. The Ap-8 min model addresses trapped protons and neutron albedo on the lunar regolith. ACE/CRIS’s spectrometer data determines the Isotopic Composition of GCR, generating Linear Energy Transfer (LET) plots. CRATER and OLTARIS data characterize high-energy particles above the lunar surface. A spherical harmonic Lambertian surface is generated, on which contours representing scaled reflectance are obtained by passing the data through a Gaussian kernel. ARIMA and Random Forest machine learning models predict parameters, and HZETRN2020 and OLTARIS data produce an albedo map of the lunar regolith. This research aims to enhance radiation protection strategies for future lunar missions and space exploration. The value of scaled reflectance and radiation plots have been generated to help understand the impact of the predominant 53 ionic particles covering the range from solar activity particles SEP to the galactic radiation GCR. The values are provided by running various stimulations under multiple constraints provided in OLTARIS, and the value of these stimulated results are mapped across the lunar surface ranging from -180 degrees to 180degree by -90degree to 90degree plot, giving an accuracy up to 1895.21 px/m with a resolution of 16 degree per pixel in the generated radiation plot. The radiation flux developed provides a concise and detailed understanding of the nature of radiation entrapment on the lunar regolith. It successfully translates the lunar albedo value as per the scaled reflectance on the surface.
Abstract: This literature explores the impact of Galactic Cosmic Radiation (GCR) and Solar Energy Particles (SEP) on lunar surface radiation levels, using data from OLTARIS and CRATER missions. Applying the Focker-Planck equation with Badhwar-O-Neil 2020 constraints, we predict radiation levels for 53 ionic particles. The Ap-8 min model addresses trapped pro...
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Research Article
Unravelling the Enigmatic Nexus: Black Holes, Dark Matter, and the Interplay of Light, Gravity, and Electromagnetic Forces in Astrophysics and Astronomy
Wim Vegt*
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 3, September 2024
Pages:
74-91
Received:
13 July 2024
Accepted:
10 September 2024
Published:
10 October 2024
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajaa.20241103.12
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Views:
Abstract: This research introduces a mathematical model positioning our physical reality within a ten-dimensional hyperspace, in which time acts as the unifying coordinate linking three-dimensional electric, magnetic, and gravitational spaces. Each domain is characterized by its respective field—electric, magnetic, or gravitational—and governed by intrinsic divergences and rotations, leading to a universal property known as Force Density, expressed in [N/m³]. This Force Density facilitates interactions among the distinct spaces while adhering to the principle of equilibrium, which posits that cumulative force densities from disturbances must consistently sum to zero. Building upon Einstein's General Relativity—which describes the curvature of spacetime by gravitational fields and assumes a constant light speed—this study proposes a perspective wherein light speed may vary during coherent laser beam interactions, prompting a re-examination of gravitational and luminous interactions across scales. The proposed model integrates the Stress-Energy Tensor and Gravitational Tensor, introducing a new tensor representation for black holes, termed Gravitational Electromagnetic Confinements, incorporating electromagnetic energy gradients and Lorentz transformations. This framework transcends traditional General Relativity, particularly evident in gravitational lensing. By reinterpreting Einstein's incorporation of the Gravitational Constant within the Energy-Stress Tensor, this work harmonizes gravity and light, offering insights into black hole solutions resonating with John Archibald Wheeler's 1955 research. Empirical data from Galileo satellites and MASER frequency measurements underscore discrepancies between established theories and this new model, enhancing the precision of gravitational observations. Through the confluence of Quantum Physics and General Relativity, as seen in approaches like String Theory, this interdisciplinary endeavor revisits the gravitational constant "G," redefining it while bridging theoretical frameworks, thus paving the way for breakthroughs in astronomical and astrophysical sciences.
Abstract: This research introduces a mathematical model positioning our physical reality within a ten-dimensional hyperspace, in which time acts as the unifying coordinate linking three-dimensional electric, magnetic, and gravitational spaces. Each domain is characterized by its respective field—electric, magnetic, or gravitational—and governed by intrinsic ...
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